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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substance of the brain, as well as in other parts of the central nervous system. In this disease, there is a violation of the metabolism of the protein alpha-synuclein and its accumulation in neurons leads to the formation of protein complexes, cytoplasmic Lewy bodies. In vitro, on the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, the effect of different physiological groups of bacteria isolated in enrichment cultures from the microbiome of patients with Parkinson’s disease was investigated to increase or decrease the level of a-synuclein expression. Our study showed a positive effect of probiotic cultures containing representatives of the genera Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, in reducing the level of a-synuclein in cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. While microorganisms of the genera Clostridium, Tissierella / Soehngenia, Eggerthella, on the contrary, increase the expression of this protein and, probably, accelerate the development of the disease and aggravate the symptoms of the disease.